Researchers find a novel method for treating wounds and skin infections.

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Researchers from the University of Calgary have discovered a potentially effective new method for treating bacterial skin infections. First author Dr. Rachel Kratofil, Ph.D., co-senior authors Drs. Paul Kubes, Ph.D., and Justin Deniset, Ph.D., and their research team present new insights that could result in improvements in the treatment of bacterial infections and wounds in a study that was recently published in Nature.


It is exciting that we have made a fundamental discovery that could improve infections and tissue repair in humans, especially in difficult-to-treat cases, says Kratofil. However, moving our research from the bench to the bedside will necessitate many more experiments and involve a model more closely related to human disease.


Neutrophils and monocytes, two types of white blood cells, are typically believed to be called upon to remove bacteria from an infected site on the skin. These cells function as the body's first line of defense for the immune system when they cooperate.


However, the most recent research shows that only monocytes can help wounds heal more quickly. By controlling leptin levels and blood vessel growth during wound repair, monocytes support the healing process. They also produce ghrelin, a hormone that promotes faster wound healing.


Unexpectedly, metabolic hormones and tissue repair are related.


When you are hungry, your stomach releases the hormone ghrelin, and fat cells release the hormone leptin when you have eaten and are feeling satisfied. Until now, the relationship between ghrelin and leptin and immune systems and tissue repair was unknown. It has long been known that this balance between ghrelin and leptin is essential to metabolism and diet.


In an animal model, Kratofil was able to observe the immune response to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria using intravital microscopy, a specialty of the Kubes Lab that permits observation of living cells.


Rebecca Kratofil Photographer Rachel Kratofil is responsible.


A healthy person frequently has S. aureus on their skin or in their nose. It can be the starting point for a wide range of conditions like abscesses or boils that are caused by skin and tissue infections. The bacteria can occasionally cause serious infections like pneumonia and endocarditis, a potentially fatal inflammation of the inner lining of the heart's chambers and valves.

After a S. aureus infection, the body mobilizes neutrophils and monocytes, two beneficial immune cells. Monocytes aid in tissue healing while neutrophils eliminate germs. In the lack of monocytes, leptin production is enhanced, which causes the infection's blood vessel expansion. Scarring and a delay in recovery are potential outcomes. In contrast, leptin-driven excess blood vessel growth is blocked by ghrelin, which is produced by monocytes at the infection site and promotes tissue healing.


The significance of the research's findings


This study is significant because it challenges the conventional wisdom that neutrophils and monocytes eliminate germs. According to Kratofil, "Our study emphasizes the significance of monocytes in wound regeneration."


The discovery, in the opinion of the study's principal investigator Kubes and his team, may pave the way for the use of the metabolic hormones ghrelin and leptin in the domains of immunology and microbiology.


As an illustration, Kubes says, "It will be intriguing to explore how ghrelin and leptin behave in different disease models, such as sterile damage or cancer, and to learn how these processes are affected when a patient has many concurrent diseases or conditions, such as obesity and diabetes."


Next actions


The researchers' next step is to gain a better understanding of how immune cells like neutrophils function during infection. They are particularly curious about how infections are cleaned from neutrophils and whether neutrophils do any other tasks besides clearing bacteria.


The 133 independent experiments conducted by this research team in collaboration with the labs of Dr. Keith Sharkey, Ph.D. (Snyder Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI)), Dr. Jeff Biernaskie, Ph.D. (HBI and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute), and scientists from University Hospital Regensburg, Germany, and Texas A&M University resulted in the interdisciplinary work that has been published.


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